Change Default runlevel in Debian 9

Switch to the root user.


sudo su -


su -

Method 1

Let’s check the current run level by using the following command.

# systemctl get-default graphical.target

Before changing the default runlevel, check out the available targets.

# systemctl list-units --type=target

The output will look like below:


 Issue the following command to change the default runlevel to runlevel 3 (nothing but a multi-user.target).

# systemctl set-default multi-user.target

 Confirm the default runlevel.

 # systemctl get-default multi-user.target

Reboot and check it out.

 # reboot

Method 2

 In the previous method, we made the runlevel 3 as the default runlevel. You can also confirm that using the following command.


# systemctl get-default multi-user.target

 For a demo, issue the following command to make runlevel 5 as the default runlevel.

# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target


# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target

 Again check the current level. Now the default runlevel is graphical mode(runlevel 5).

4MLinux 23.0

4MLinux is a simple Linux distribution for desktops and servers; it uses the lightweight JWM window manager together with the LTS Linux kernel 4.9 and somewhat conservative applications and tools, including the increasingly rare-to-see LILO bootloader. After prolonged testing, the distribution's 23 branch has now been declared "stable": "The status of the 4MLinux 23.0 series has been changed to STABLE. Create your own images with GIMP 2.8.22, edit your documents with LibreOffice 5.4.3 and GNOME Office (AbiWord 3.0.2 with Gnumeric 1.12.35), share your files using DropBox 37.4.29, surf the Internet with Firefox 56.0 and Chromium 61.0.3163.100, stay in touch with your friends via Skype 5.5.0.1 and Thunderbird 52.4.0, enjoy your music collection with Audacious 3.9, watch your favorite videos with MPlayer SVN-r37931 and VLC 2.2.6. 4MLinux 23.0 comes with much improved support for FAAC, GIF, JPEG 2000, Monkey's Audio and Musepack file formats. GNOME Office has been added as a downloadable extension. Full support for SCSI, RAID and LVM devices is now available out of the box. And finally, the biggest change is related to the installation script, which now makes it possible to install 4MLinux on ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, JFS, XFS, Btrfs and NILFS2 partitions." Here is the brief release announcement. Download (MD5): 4MLinux-23.0.iso (638MB, pkglist). Also available from OSDisc.

OpenIndiana 2017.10

 

OpenIndiana is an open source operating system based on the Illumos project and a member of the Solaris family. The project has released a new version, OpenIndiana 2017.10, which features updates to the display server and the MATE desktop environment. The new version also supports binary compatibility with Solaris 10u10. The release announcement reads: "We have released a new OpenIndiana Hipster snapshot 2017.10. The noticeable changes: Xorg server was updated to 1.19.5. MATE was updated to 1.18. Text installer now can perform basic OpenIndiana installation to existing ZFS pool (for example, in parallel to another OpenIndiana installation). Cluster suite was updated. ABI compatibility for Solaris 10u10 binaries was added. We've started to remove GNOME 2 applications and libraries. Be warned if (by some strange reason) you still haven't switched to MATE." Additional information can be found in the project's release notes. Download (pkglist): OI-hipster-gui-20171031.iso (1,504MB, SHA256, signature, torrent), OI-hipster-text-20171031.iso (688MB, SHA256, signature). Also available from OSDisc.

 

NethServer 7.4

Alessio Fattorini has announced the release of a new version of NethServer, a CentOS-based distribution for servers. The new NethServer release, version 7.4, introduces improvements to Samba and Active Directory integration. The new version also will inform the user when new upstream releases are available. "The new release automatically updates the domain controller and warns on upstream updates. Proxy, web content filter, anti-virus and IPS were updated and got an improved web user interface. In addition, it contains some enhancements (Speedtest in diagnostics panel, new bandwidth measuring, prevent intrusions with rule categories). Last but not least we are proud to present an up-to-date cloud and VoIP server. Account provider improvement: The local Active Directory account provider is now able to apply updates to the Samba DC instance automatically. The latest provided Samba DC version is 4.6.8. More features: Besides local active directory NethServer supports remote AD and LDAP(local/remote). IP changing possible. Account provider changing from LDAP to AD and vice versa is supported." Additional information can be found in the distribution's release announcement and in the release notes. Download (MD5): nethserver-7.4.1708-x86_64.iso (857MB, torrent, pkglist). Also available from OSDisc.

GeckoLinux 423.171028.16 Beta

GeckoLinux is an openSUSE-based distribution designed to be easy to set up and use on desktop systems. The project has released a new development snapshot, GeckoLinux 423.171028.16 Beta, which introduces several new improvements and features the Cinnamon desktop environment. "Thanks to Kiwi, GeckoLinux will now boast the following improvements: Much smoother and more reliable startup. Splash screen during live system startup. Better hardware detection, especially Xorg startup with certain troublesome graphics cards. No more entering passwords for the live session user account. Live USB persistence - GeckoLinux can now be used as an excellent portable OS, not just as an installation medium. Cleaner ISO generation process that is more in line with openSUSE. GeckoLinux is a live installable system, with two installer options: The default recommended installer is Calamares, now at the latest version 3.1.7. This version in conjunction with an updated set of underlying tools offers a huge number of improvements and bug fixes that should lead to smooth and successful installations for almost everyone. For advanced users that prefer the older yast2-live-installer, it is still available and even incorporates some integration fixes to workaround issues that used to be present on the resulting installed system. This is also the recommended option for users that want a Btrfs system with Snapper integration for the GRUB bootloader, providing automatic system snapshots and rollback capability." More information can be found in the project's release announcement. Download (MD5): GeckoLinux_Static_beta.x86_64-423.171028.16.iso (957MB, pkglist).

How To Flash Android (Flyme) On Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition

This is a quick guide for how to reflash Fyme OS on Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition. Flyme is based on Android with some redesign along with extras. It doesn't ship with Google apps, but those are easily installable.

You can flash Flyme 5.1.12G or 6.1.0G (released recently), both based on Android 5.1. To see what's new in Flyme 6, check out THIS page. Using the steps below, you should receive future Flyme OS updates automatically, so there's no need to reflash anything manually for any OS updates.

Flash Android (Flyme) On Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition)

Before proceeding, make sure your phone is charged. Also, like with any flashing procedure, this may brick your device, so use these instructions at your own risk! And finally, I should mention that I didn't yet try to perform a reverse procedure (install Ubuntu Touch back) so if you plan on doing this in the future, you'll have to figure out how to do it yourself.

1. What you'll need

1.A. adb and fastboot.

In Ubuntu, adb and fastboot are available in the official repositories. To install them, use the following commands:

sudo apt install adb fastboot

 These can also be downloaded from HERE (for Linux, Mac and Windows).



1.B. Flyme firmware (global version).



The Meizu MX4 global firmware is available to download from HERE.



1.C. recovery.img from Flyme OS.



This can be downloaded from HERE or HERE.



Place the firmware along with the recovery image in your home folder.

2. Enable Developer mode on your Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition (About phone > Developer mode).

3. You may encounter an error with adb / fastboot not detecting the Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition device. To fix this, open the ~/.android/adb_usb.ini file with a text editor (if it doesn't exist, create the ".android" folder in your home directory, and a file called adb_usb.ini inside this folder) and paste the following in this file:
0x2a45
... and save the file.

On Windows, this file is available under C:\Users\\.android

4. Flash the recovery and Flyme OS

4.A. Connect the Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition device to your computer via USB (USB 2.0 is recommended because it looks like there might be issues with USB 3.0), then reboot in bootloader mode and flash the recovery:

 

 

adb reboot-bootloader
fastboot flash recovery recovery.img

Note that the phone must be unlocked when doing this. Also, the first time you use adb, the phone will ask if you want to allow the connection - make sure you click "Accept"!

In theory, you should be able to reboot to bootloader by holding volume down + power buttons, and into recovery by holding volume up + power, but these didn't work for some reason on my device (I don't remember if only one of them or both), that's why I used commands instead in this article.

4.B. Next, power up the phone and after Ubuntu Touch boots, run the following command to reboot into recovery:

 

 

adb reboot recovery

From the recovery screen (which is in Chinese), you need to get to a screen which displays the "adb sideload" command at the bottom. You get to this by selecting the various options in the recovery screen, but unfortunately I forgot which one (and I didn't took a picture). So unfortunately I can't tell you exactly how to get there, but remember that "adb sideload" should be displayed at the bottom when you get to the right option.

Once you get to the screen I mentioned above, run the following command

 

adb sideload update.zip