Android 5.0

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How to Enable IP Forwarding Under Ubuntu/Linux Mint

In this tutorial, we will see how to enable IP Forwarding under Ubuntu/Linux Mint. IP Forwarding is required when users want to make their computers act as a router, gateway, DMZ, VPN server, and it is also used in internet connection sharing.

Getting Started

To check whether IP Forwarding is enabled or not, you can use this command:

sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward

If it is disabled, you will get this output:

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

Enabling IP Forwarding Temporarily

To enable IP Forwarding temporarily, run these commands:

sudo su 

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

or

sudo su 

sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

Re-check again the status of IP Forwarding with this command:

sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward

If it is enabled, you will get this output:

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

However, IP Forwarding will be disabled once you reboot your system. For a permanent configuration, see below.

Enabling IP Forwarding Permanently

Open the terminal and edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file with this command:

sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf

Search and uncomment this line:

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

Save your file and exit, then run this command:

sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf

NOTE: This tip is workable for Ubuntu 12.10/12.04/11.10 and Linux Mint 14/13 or older.

aptosid 2012-01

Stefan Lippers-Hollmann has announced the release of aptosid 2012.1, a new version of the project's desktop Linux distribution based on Debian's unstable branch. From the release notes: "New features in aptosid 2012-01 are Linux kernel 3.6 and numerous integration and stabilisation fixes. Special focus has been cast upon improving system compatibility with new hardware platforms like AMD Bulldozer or Intel Ivy-Bridge and reworking the live system environment. Kernel 3.6 doesn't only improve and stabilise hardware support for newer devices, it also adapts ASPM heuristics for better power-saving and improved battery runtimes. Another topic has been the kernel's entropy gathering framework, both improving its performance and quality for systems providing little entropy by themselves." Download (SHA256): aptosid-2012-01-kde-full-i386-amd64.iso" (2,054MB), aptosid-2012-01-xfce-i386.iso (509MB), aptosid-2012-01-xfce-amd64.iso (515MB).

OS4 13.1 "OpenDesktop"

Roberto Dohnert has announced the release of OS4 13.1 "OpenDesktop", an updated build of the project's desktop Linux distribution based on Ubuntu: "Today the OS4 team is pleased to announce the much-anticipated update of OpenDesktop 13 with OS4 OpenDesktop 13.1. With this release we bring new features and bug fixes to OpenDesktop. OS4 OpenDesktop 13.1 still continues to revolutionize the Linux user experience with an excellent interface and easy-to-use applications, and it comes with new options to enhance your OS4 user experience. Superior functionality with some great new options. Some of the new features include: the Xfce workspace has been upgraded to 4.10 with Thunar upgraded to 1.5.3; we are introducing a revolutionary deskbar interface, enhanced icon set and window manager theme users will find familiar from our early days...." Read the rest of the release announcement for additional notes a video presentation. Download: os4-opendesktop131-32.iso (1,471MB, MD5), os4-opendesktop-131-64.iso (1,503MB, MD5).

Rocks Cluster Distribution 6.1

Philip Papadopoulos has announced the release of Rocks Cluster Distribution 6.1, a CentOS-based open-source toolkit for real and virtual clusters: "The latest update of Rocks, code name 'Emerald Boa', is now released. Emerald Boa is available for CentOS 6.3 (Rocks 6.1). The Rocks-supplied OS rolls have all updates applied as of November 27, 2012. New features: host-based SSH authentication is now the default, this eliminates the requirement the users have password-less SSH keys and/or mounted home area on remote nodes; two-factor SSH authentication using Google Authenticator Apps for Android and iPhone is supported for all users; New ZFS Linux roll to support the ZFS file system via the ZFS on Linux; new kernel roll to more easily support vanilla Linux kernels." See the release announcement and release notes for further details. Download (MD5) the "jumbo" DVDs containing the OS and all available "rolls": area51...6.1.i386.disk1.iso (2,516MB), area51...6.1.x86_64.disk1.iso (2,580MB).

How To Lock/Unlock User Accounts From The Terminal Under Ubuntu/Linux Mint

In a previous article, we have seen how to add/remove user accounts from the terminal under Ubuntu/Linux Mint. Today, we will see how to lock or unlock a specific user account from the terminal using two methods.

Method 1 (Recommended)

To lock a user account, open the terminal and run this command:

sudo usermod --expiredate 1 username

Replace username with the user account name you want to disable. The user account in question will no longer be able to login using its password either locally or remotely. To unlock it, use this command:

sudo usermod --expiredate -1 username

The user account name will now be able to log in to its session.

Method 2

Alternatively, you can use this command to lock a user account:

sudo passwd -l username

Replace username with the user account name you want to lock. If the command is successful, you will get this output:

passwd: password expiry information changed.

However, the user may have access to its account remotely (via SSH). So, the first method is highly recommended. To unlock the same account, you can execute this command:

sudo passwd -u username

Note: You can use this tip under Ubuntu 12.10/12.04 and Linux Mint 14 or older.